Using the Spanish Preposition De

De is one of the most common prepositions in Spanish. Although it usually is translated as of and sometimes as from, its use is far more versatile than the translation might suggest. In fact, in certain contexts, de can be translated not only as of or from, but as with, by, or in, among other words, or not translated at all. One reason de is used more often than its equivalents in English is because the rules of English grammar let us use all sorts of nouns and phrases as adjectives. In that way, Spanish isnt as flexible. While in English we may say, a nine-year-old girl, in Spanish that becomes una muchacha de nueve aà ±os or, literally, a girl of nine years. Similarly, in English, we may say something like a silver ring, using what is normally a noun, silver, as an adjective. But in Spanish we have to say un anillo de plata, or a ring of silver. Keep in mind also that when de is followed by the article el, meaning the, they form the contraction del. Thus los à ¡rboles del bosque is the equivalent of saying los à ¡rboles de el bosque (the trees of the forest). But no contraction is used for de à ©l, where à ©l means him. Following are some of the most common uses of de: Using De for Possession Possession or belonging, either physical or figurative, as indicated by an apostrophe plus s in English is almost always translated using de followed by the possessor in Spanish. So instead of saying the direct equivalent of Amandas cat, which isnt available in Spanish, we say the direct equivalent of the cat of Amanda or el gato de Amanda: el carro de Matilda (Matildas car)la clase del Sr. Gà ³mez (Mr. Gomezs class)las esperanzas del pueblo (the peoples hopes) ¿De quià ©n es este là ¡piz? (Whose pencil is this?) Using De for Causation Following an adjective, de can be used to indicate a cause. Used this way, de is often translated using with, of or by. Estoy feliz de nuestra amistad. (I am happy with our friendship. The word following de indicates the reason for happiness.)Està ¡ cansada de jugar. (She is tired of playing.) ¿Por quà © mi generacià ³n està ¡ tan aburrida de la vida? (Why is my generation so bored by life?) Using De To Indicate Origin Often translated as from, de can be used to indicate the origin of a person or thing. The same construction is used to state that a person is a member of a group. Soy de Arkansas. (Im from Arkansas.)Mi madre es de la India. (My mother is from India.)Es la chica mà ¡s inteligente de la clase. (She is the most intelligent girl in the class.) Using De With Characteristics When an object or person has characteristics (including contents or what something is made of) that are stated as a noun or infinitive, de is often used to show the relationship. It generally is not possible in Spanish, as it is in English, to use nouns as adjectives, also known as attributive nouns. corazà ³n de oro (heart of gold)el tranvà ­a de Boston (the Boston streetcar)una casa de huà ©spedes (a guesthouse)una cancià ³n de tres minutos (a three-minute song)una casa de $100,000 (a $100,000 house)una taza de leche (a cup of milk)la mesa de escribir (the writing table)una casa de ladrillo (a brick house)jugo de manzana (apple juice)una mà ¡quina de escribir (a typewriter, literally a writing machine) Using De in Comparisons In some comparisons, de is used where we would use than in English. Tengo menos de cien libros. (I have fewer than 100 books.)Gasta mà ¡s dinero de lo que gana. (He spends more money than he earns.)La vida te recompensa con mucha mà ¡s felicidad de la que crees. (Life can reward you with much more happiness than you believe.) Idioms Using De De is used in many common idiomatic phrases, many of which function as adverbs. de antemano (previously)de cuando en cuando (from time to time)de memoria (by memory)de moda (in style)de nuevo (again)de pronto (immediately)de prisa (hurriedly)de repente, (suddenly)de todas formas (in any case)de veras (truly)de vez en cuando (from time to time) Verbal Expressions Requiring De Many verbs are followed by de and often an infinitive to form expressions. There is no logic to which verbs are followed by de. The verbs need either to be memorized or learned as you come across them. Acabo de salir. (I have just left)Nunca cesa de comer. (He never stops eating.)Tratarà © de estudiar. (I will try to study.)Me alegro de ganar. (I am happy to win.)Se olvidà ³ de estudiar. (He forgot to study.)Romeo se enamorà ³ de Julieta. (Romeo fell in love with Juliet.) Key Takeaways De is one of the most common Spanish prepositions. Although it usually is translated as of or from, it can stand for other prepositions as well.One of the most frequent uses of de is to indicate possession, which English uses indicates by using an apostrophe followed by s.De is also often used to translate English attributive nouns, as nouns in Spanish are very seldom used that way.

The Powerful Settings of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown...

The Powerful Settings of Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown Setting can be a powerful literary device, and Nathaniel Hawthorne wields it to great effect. There are four major settings in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† and they all take place in Salem. This essay is an examination of those settings and their effects. The tale opens in a doorway as the reader is presented with two lovers saying goodbye. The two lovers are Goodman Brown, who is eager to leave for his adventure; and his wife Faith Brown, who is desperately trying to dissuade him from leaving the house tonight. In this setting, the main elements induce feelings that are positive, bright, and hopeful – a sunset, a familiar street and home, and the pink ribbons in†¦show more content†¦The fellow-traveller’s staff â€Å"bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a living serpent.† Bringing a large black snake into the physical setting is indeed one way to dramatically ratchet-up the tension and the foreboding of ill. In this passage the narrator identifies the traveller with the snake: Sayest thou so? replied he of the serpent, smiling apart.† In turn, the traveller identifies the forbears of Goodman with part of the physical setting, namely the path through the woods: Well said, Goodman Brown! I have been as well acquainted with your family as with ever a one among the Puritans; and thats no trifle to say. I helped your grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker woman so smartly through the streets of Salem. And it was I that broughtShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Hawthorne s The Man s Fall 1438 Words   |  6 PagesCalvinistic, and ancient beliefs that form the basis of Hawthorne’s work (Hawthorne 392). Besides, the researcher notes that Hawthorne’s life is authentic although fictional. There is a psychological aspect of the story in that the man’s fall is unavoidable. The narration contains metaphoric and literal journey of the newlywed male character. However, he is making the treacherous journey with the devil himself therefore creating a spiritual crisis. Goodman Brown’s decision is ambiguous to his audience becauseRead MoreBrowns Fall Essay1998 Words   |  8 PagesThe setting of a work can be the most p owerful literary devices an author uses in their work. Setting refers to a location or time in which a work is set. Setting has a wide range of possibilities. The setting of a work may be as simple as a single room or may be as complex as the author or characters psychological state of mind. Authors can use setting to enhance the theme of their works. One author in particular is Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† in 1835. HisRead MoreApproaching Nathaniel Hawthorne Insight538 Words   |  2 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne wrote one of the most studied short story in literature, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. This short story is widely use because of the deep meaning and strong internal attachment it has with the reader. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts his family had been early settlers, one of his great-grandfather was a judge during the Salem witch trials and had twenty-five women killed. Hearing his great-grandfathe r talk about this subject made Hawthorne both obsessed and a littleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Rip Van Winkle And Young Goodman Brown 1197 Words   |  5 Pages In Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving and Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the wilderness is used as a place for the main characters of both stories to have profound supernatural, spiritual experiences. Washington Irving uses the wilderness and nature to add a great sense of romanticism to his writing by creating a peaceful, mystical world. In Rip Van Winkle, Iriving implies that nature’s possessive beauty offers a great escape from the conventions of everyday life and can allow oneRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1230 Words   |  5 PagesSalem, Massachusetts. From 1825-1837, Hawthorne perfected his writing and spent this time to help generate ideas for his novels and poems. One of the most well known novels by Nathaniel Hawthorne is â€Å"The Scarlet Letter.† The Scarlet Let ter helped Hawthorne’s career to become one of the most successful of his time. The Scarlet Letter contained passion and strength that all of his other works lacked. However, before his death Hawthorne released one more novel and a collection of articles, â€Å"The MarbleRead More Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1847 Words   |  8 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Young Goodman Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne tells the tale of a man and his discovery of evil. Hawthorne’s primary concern is with evil and how it affects Young Goodman Brown. Through the use of tone and setting, Hawthorne portrays the nature of evil and the psychological effects it can have on man. He shows how discovering the existence of evil brings Brown to view the world in a cynical way. Brown learns the nature of evil and, therefore, feelsRead More Allegory, Symbolism, and Madness – Comparing the Demons of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne3842 Words   |  16 Pagesand observing nature. Poe’s writing allows the reader to observe man’s thoughts and behaviors from within his mind and demonstrates how his behavior influences his surroundings. As opposed to Hawthorne’s writing, where a man’s behavior is affected from outside influences, as such, placing him in settings that will manipulate his emotional and ment al behavior in an effort to deliver a moral theme. Each author would write their own version of a Gothic tale that would spin the reader’s imaginationRead More The Power of Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay3056 Words   |  13 Pagesand strict rules. Therefore, he did not try very hard, but in 1825 he graduated, eighteenth in a class of thirty-eight that included such people as Franklin Pierce, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Hawthorne himself. The next thirteen years of Hawthornes life were years of isolation, as he struggled to become the writer he dreamed of being. He returned to Salem, living once again in the Manning house, to which his mother also had returned. He remained for the most part shut up in his room, writingRead MoreThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 Pagesprovided material for American fiction. While still religious in tone and purpose, captivity narratives emphasized the experiences of individuals. They also incorporated many of the fundamentals of fiction, making use of characters, dramatic action and setting. The Salem witch trials of 1692 were another period in early American history that affected literature. As accusations of witchcraft in a Massachusetts town resulted in the execution of 14 women and 6 men, Cotton Mathers The Wonders of the InvisibleRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesoccupy an entire chapter or more. Some plots require more exposition than others. A historical novel set in a foreign country several centuries ago obviously needs to provide the reader with more background information than a novel with a contemporary setting. COMPLICATION: The complication which is sometimes referred to as the rising action, breaks the existing equilibrium and introduces the characters and underlying or inciting conflict (if they have not already been introduced by the exposition).

Social Policy for Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics

Question: Explore Contemporary Social Policy Debate. Answer: Contemporary Social Policy Debate The childcare centers came to Australia during the Second World War, when the mothers went to the war, and their children are being taken care of, by these centers. It was there to provide support to the children of the poor and the destitute family (Logan, Sumsion Press, 2013). During the 1950s, the childcare centers were there in Australia for those families in Australia, who could not access either the community program or the government programs. The childcare centers, although, was not that popular during that time because, during that time the childcare centers actually was not in demand, since most of the mothers are not working (Katz, 2014). The Childcare Act of 1972, which came during the reign of McMahon government, allows the federal government in Australia to get involved in the childcare sector (Logan, Press Sumsion, 2016). The particular act provided provisions to the federal government so that funds can be provided to the non-profit organization, so that they could h elp in providing childcare services to the people. During the years of Hawke and Keating the childcare policy, went through a positive change. During these years or rather during the years of the reign of the Hawke government, the childcare policies or the act received much support. During these years, subsidies are introduced for those families who are using the childcare services. The subsidies allowed the families to pay the fees of the childcare services, whether they are seeking the help of the profitable service centre or from the non-profit service centre. The state level organizations and the government used to regulate the minimum standard of the childcare centre and when the Keating government came to power, they introduced the quality accreditation approved by the federal governments. The accreditation actually helped in supervising those minimum standards that are being used by the state level government for the regulation of the childcare centers (Logan, Press Sumsion, 2016). In the present day, there is the National Quality Framework and this particular framework helped in the regulation of the system (Sugiyama,, Okely, Masters Moore 2012). The childcare policy is a debate that has the children at the center and this particular policy, helps in focusing on the funding and the provision issues of the childcare center (Newberry Brennan, 2013). Today the employment of the women have increased, thus the demand for the childcare centers have also increased and this has bring into the front the quality issue, where, the health, education and the nutrition of the children had to be taken better care (Wolfenden, Jones, Finch, Wyse, Yoong, Steele Williams, 2015). Therefore, the regulations are tightened, with respect to the staff qualification and with respect to the staff-to-child ratio as well. The fact that the staff qualification is being given utmost importance is something that is often being criticized by the human services professionals. According to these professionals, the women who most of the time in the family day care centers, especially those women who used to work during the 90s, most of the time have the overseas certificate. After the recession the women had lost their jobs but the experience they had in handling the children is not be taken into granted and only on the basis of their degree, they are not being provided with the jobs. Thus, this is something that is being seen a wrongdoing of the bureaucrats, and thus most of the people, who are the human service professionals criticize this thing. Impact of Social Policy in One Client Group The most important client group of the childcare center is the parents and the policies regarding the childcare centers and its development has a great impact on this particular client group. The government policies until the Keating government were such that the parents did not have to think much about the funds and the fees of the childcare centers (Andrews, Neopanay, Yaddehige Jorgensen, 2014). The scenario changed after the recession and the new policies that are being introduced by the government are such that it has actually provided an extra burden on the parents because the costs of the childcare centers have increased. The parents find it difficult to raise their children and at the same time carry on with the work they are doing (Allen Cowdery, 2014). They could not actually balance both the things, which created a huge problem for them. The financial assistance that is being provided by the federal government of Australia is divided mainly into two parts and these are th e, Child Care Benefits and the Child Care Rebate. The Child Care Benefits is being referred to those subsidies that are being directly provided, either to the parents or to the childcare centers. It accounts for per hour subsidy that is being provided to the parents and the childcare centers and this particular cost is the tested cost, and this particular thing is very beneficial to those who are belonging to those families that are the part of the low-income group. On the other hand, there is another kind of financial assistance, which is being provided to the parents of the childcare centers, by the federal group. The subsidy that is being provided to the families increases when there is an increase in the Cost Price Index or the CPI. The particular financial assistance is provided with the help of the Child Care Rebate or the CCR. The CCR, unlike Child Care Benefit or CCB is not tested and therefore, the 50% rebate is being provided to the childcare centers out-of-the packet (Brennan, Cass, Himmelweit Szebehely, 2012). The parti cular payment has inflation when there is inflation on the actual price of the cost of the childcare. Therefore, it can be said that the particular cost will be a part of the growing share of the federal budget, along with the increase in the strong demand and at the same time with the increase in the steep childcare price. Therefore, in the recent years the Australian women had not only face increase in the price of the growing childcare facilities, provided by the centers but at the same time there has been a loss of the benefits that are being provided by the federal government of Australia. Thus, it creates a pressure for the women earner or the single mothers and they have to increase their working hours because along with all these women had to pay the tax as well. Thus, all these have created pressure on this particular group of client, and this policy has he following impact on the particular group of client. Involvement of the Human Service Professionals The childcare professionals are the most important human service professionals who are involved in the childcare industry and the childcare policies had an effect on them as well. The childcare professional plays an important role, in the childcare centers and thus can be one of the major drivers who could influence the policies that are being introduced by the federal government (Pietrantonio, Wright, Gibson, Alldred, Jacobson Niec 2013). The childcare policies that are there are the ever-changing policies and the childcare professionals should make sure that there are able to cope up with the changes that are brought in the centers. The changes can be positively accepted by the childcare professionals and at the same time, the childcare professionals should be able to cope up with those changes as well. The childcare professionals could react in a positive way to the changes that are there in the organizations, although there are times when the childcare professionals could act in a negative way and could affect or influence the childcare policies that are there. The childcare professional could act in a negative way about the policies of the state, because of several reasons and among them; one can be that the childcare professionals, become too cautious (Coyne, 2015). There can be policies regarding caring about the behavioral development of the child and the childcare professional can react to this in a negative w ay because, they may feel uncertain about the challenging behavior of the children in the day care or in the childcare center. In these cases there are chances of the childcare professionals becomes less confident about their role and they could also lose their confident, when they are interacting with the children in the childcare center (Essa, 2013). In many day cares or in the childcare center there are male professionals who are being hired to look after the children. The parents sometimes accept the particular things and there are times when the parents do not accept such kind of things. The childcare center on the other hand feels that the people should feel that the males are equally responsible to everyone and those who are good they could actually carry out all the work, even they could care for the child at the same time. The male and female workers or the professionals working in the childcare center could actually, help in building the trust that is there in the children regarding their families. Thus, this particular thing or rather the inclusion of the male professionals in the childcare centers could actually affect the policies related to the childcare centers. Moreover, if the women with experience turn out to be a good childcare professional then that could also have an effect on the policies that are being laid d own by the state. The state policies could then could come up with those things that could allow the women with experience but not that much of qualification to be a part of the childcare center. It would helpful specially for the outstation women or for those women who do not have the qualification degree of the country, rather they carry the degree of the other country and thus most of the times are not allowed to be a part of the childcare center. Utilization of the Policy Positively in Service Provision The human service professionals, who work for these centers, could utilize the policies that are for the development and the growth of the childcare centers that are there in a positive way. The positive utilization of the policy could result in: Children who belong to the financially backward family, getting better opportunities and thus they could easily go through the transition of the early childhood to the late childhood period (Fenech, 2013). Most of the time the children who belong to the financially backward family, do not have such an environment that will help them to get ready for the better transition and succeed effectively in the late childhood period. Thus, the policies effectively influence the growth and the development of the children and at the same time could help them to live a better life at the same time (Brennan Fenech, 2014). Thus, it is important that the policies related to the childcare centers are there, this is one of the positive effects of the policy, and the effect work of the childcare professionals could actually help in the positive utilization of this particular policy. Helping the students with disability to go through the transition period and the childcare center and the professional working there could help in that. The children with disability, is more demanding than the children those are not having any disabilities, The children with disabilities, are more stressful to handle than the children without, especially in an environment of transition (Crawford, Stafford, Phillips, Scott Tucker, 2014). Thus, the childcare professional could take care of this demand and stress effectively and the policies and the find structure of the state are such that children of different social background could be a part of it. Thus, in this way, there can be a positive utilization of the policies, laid by the state and the childcare professionals could help in achieving it without any problem or trouble. Development of those children, who belongs to various religious, ethnic and linguistic background, and the childcare professionals play an important part in it (Henderson, Grode, OConnell Schwartz, 2015). The childcare center consists of children of various backgrounds and the religious values along with the Western philosophy, which are being implied in these centers helps the children to remove all the caste and the racial barrier. The children later on in life could fight incidents like being bullied because of the skin color or because of their race (Lamb, Sternberg, Hwang Broberg, 2014). Most of the time the people of other linguistics are not proficient with the English language, the childcare centers help the students to overcome this shortcomings and childcare professionals are important driver in bringing this particular positive outcomes (Nielsen, Mushin, Tomaselli Whiten, 2016). Therefore, these are the following ways, which could help in positive utilization of the policies and the childcare professionals could help in achieving that without any problem. Critical Reflection I think that the childcare centers that are there in Australia are helpful for the working parents and the working parents as well as the single parents receive many benefits from these centers. The subsidy that is being provided by the government, and which is the part of the social policy related to the childcare centers, because these funding is there for the childcare centers, therefore, the centers have not only increased in numbers but it has been diversified at the same time. Today there is not only the childcare center but there is also the long day care center and at the same time, there is the Community based and the family day care centers. All the centers have really being helpful for the growth of these centers and along with the growth of these centers things have changed for the people living in the country. Unlike the nineteenth and the twentieth century, the demand for the childcare center is there in the country because the number of working women and the number of single mother has increased in the country. Thus, the demand has increased and with the increase in demand, there is both the profit, non-profit childcare centers. Along with these two kinds of center there is also the community based childcare center, all these centers helps in the growth and the development of the children and at the same time it has provided jobs to the unemployed youth at the same time (Tayler, Ishimine, Cloney, Cleveland Thorpe, 2013). The policies although, that are there gives less importance to the caring attitude of the people but more importance to the qualification or the degrees that are being hold by the people. I believe this particular thing is a hindrance for the policy, but at the same time, it is true that to interact with the children having challenging behavior at times the qualificatio n of the childcare professionals are required. Thus at times, the issue that whether an experienced or a qualified person would be employed as the childcare staff becomes a debatable issue. The debate could be easily resolved by recruiting such a person who is capable, of handling almost all kind of children in the childcare center. The recruitment of the male staff in the childcare center in my opinion is something to, which the policy makers should give a thought. The male childcare professionals actually could help in the overall growth of the child. Moreover, if the male and the female work in the same environment there will be a sense of trust among the children and this sense of trust would help them to grow through the transition; thus the parents should be open about this particular issue, for the welfare of their own child. References Allen, E., Cowdery, G. (2014). The exceptional child: Inclusion in early childhood education. Nelson Education. Andrews, L., Neopanay, B. P., Yaddehige, K., Jorgensen, J. (2014). Do child care subsidies increase the labour force participation of women in Australia?. Deakin Papers on International Business Economics, 7(1). Brennan, D., Fenech, M. (2014). Early education and care in Australia: Equity in a mixed marketbased system?. An Equal Start?: Providing Quality Early Education and Care for Disadvantaged Children, 171. Brennan, D., Cass, B., Himmelweit, S., Szebehely, M. (2012). The marketisation of care: Rationales and consequences in Nordic and liberal care regimes. Journal of European Social Policy, 22(4), 377-391. Coyne, I. (2015). Families and health care professionals' perspectives and expectations of family centred care: hidden expectations and unclear roles. Health Expectations, 18(5), 796-808. Crawford, S. K., Stafford, K. N., Phillips, S. M., Scott, K. J., Tucker, P. (2014). Strategies for Inclusion in Play among Children with Physical Disabilities in Childcare Centers: An Integrative Review. Physical occupational therapy in pediatrics, 34(4), 404-423. Essa, E. (2013). Introduction to early childhood education. Cengage Learning. Fenech, M. (2013). Quality early childhood education for my child or for all children?: Parents as activists for equitable, high-quality early childhood education in Australia. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 38(4), 92. Henderson, K. E., Grode, G. M., OConnell, M. L., Schwartz, M. B. (2015). Environmental factors associated with physical activity in childcare centers. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 43. Katz, I. (2014). Child Protection of Migrants in Australia. Child Welfare Systems and Migrant Children: A Cross Country Study of Policies and Practice, 220. Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Hwang, C. P., Broberg, A. G. (2014). Child care in context: Cross-cultural perspectives. Psychology Press. Logan, H., Press, F., Sumsion, J. (2016). The shaping of Australian early childhood education and care: What can we learn from a critical juncture?. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 41(1), 64. Logan, H., Press, F., Sumsion, J. (2016). The shaping of Australian early childhood education and care: What can we learn from a critical juncture?. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 41(1), 64. Logan, H., Sumsion, J., Press, F. (2013). 'The Child Care Act 1972': A critical juncture in Australian ECEC and the emergence of'quality'. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 38(4), 84. Newberry, S., Brennan, D. (2013). The marketisation of early childhood education and care (ECEC) in Australia: A structured response. Financial Accountability Management, 29(3), 227-245. Nielsen, M., Mushin, I., Tomaselli, K., Whiten, A. (2016). Imitation, Collaboration, and Their Interaction Among Western and Indigenous Australian Preschool Children. Child development, 87(3), 795-806. Pietrantonio, A. M., Wright, E., Gibson, K. N., Alldred, T., Jacobson, D., Niec, A. (2013). Mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect: Crafting a positive process for health professionals and caregivers. Child abuse neglect, 37(2), 102-109. Sugiyama, T., Okely, A. D., Masters, J. M., Moore, G. T. (2012). Attributes of child care centers and outdoor play areas associated with preschoolers physical activity and sedentary behavior. Environment and Behavior, 44(3), 334-349. Tayler, C., Ishimine, K., Cloney, D., Cleveland, G., Thorpe, K. (2013). The quality of early childhood education and care services in Australia. Wolfenden, L., Jones, J., Finch, M., Wyse, R. J., Yoong, S. L., Steele, E. J., ... Williams, C. M. (2015). Strategies to improve the implementation of healthy eating, physical activity and obesity prevention policies, practices or programmes within childcare services. The Cochrane Library.

Richard Williams, III Essays (574 words) - Americas,

Richard Williams, III Fitz-Gerald 10.17.2016 Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was a transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds. This took place between the 15th and 16th centuries, caused after the colonization of America after the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. During the trade, well-known crops and cash crops were interchanges. Some of the crops were potatoes, which were originally from South America but became a dependent food source in Ireland, as an important part of a stable diet. Tomatoes, which derived from the Americas became a prized plant in Italy for their sauces and ornamental values. Also among the plants traded were oranges, bananas, Paprika, Coffee Beans, Pineapples, Rubber Trees, Chili Peppers and Chocolate. Livestock was another major trade in the Columbian Exchange. Europe brought horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, dogs, cat, and bees to the Americas. These new animals changed the way the Native American tribes and the Colonial Civilizations lived, hunted, and traveled. The worst part of the Columbian Exchange has to be the transmission of diseases from the Old World to the New World and vice versa. The Europeans coming to the Americas brought smallpox. Smallpox was one of the worst epidemics the world has ever faced with an estimated 300 Million People killed in the 20th century alone. This virus kills of the people infected with it and has been around for thousands of years in the Old World but the native americans and local people of the New World were not accustomed to the disease and suffered greatly. An American disease that affected Europeans was Malaria. Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes and other parasitics or "dependent" organisms with need to feed off or live in another organism. This disease however, was not as devastating as smallpox due to the New World Discovery of Quinine, which was the earliest form of treatment. Yellow Fever was brought to the Americas during the Atlantic Slave Trade and many of the Native Americans and Afr ican descendants have built immunizations but the arriving Europeans coming from the Old World have never experienced this disease to this magnitude. The unintentional introductions into the Americas were almost as plentiful as the intentional introductions. Plants that arrived by land, sea, or air in the times before 1492 are called archaeophytes , and plants introduced to Europe after those times are called neophytes . In addition to the diseases mentioned above, many species of organisms were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world accidentally or incidentally. These include such animals as brown rats , earthworms (apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World), and zebra mussels , which arrived on ships. Invasive species of plants and pathogens also were introduced by chance, including such weeds as tumbleweeds ( Salsola spp.) and wild oats ( Avena fatua ). Some plants introduced intentionally, such as the kudzu vine introduced in 1894 from Japan to the United States to help control soil erosion , have since been found to be invasi ve pests in the new environment. Fungi have been transported, such as the one responsible for Dutch elm disease , killing American elms in North American forests and cities, where many had been planted as street trees. Some of the invasive species have become serious ecosystem and economic problems after establishing in the New World environments. Richard Williams, III Essays (574 words) - Americas, Richard Williams, III Fitz-Gerald 10.17.2016 Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was a transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds. This took place between the 15th and 16th centuries, caused after the colonization of America after the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. During the trade, well-known crops and cash crops were interchanges. Some of the crops were potatoes, which were originally from South America but became a dependent food source in Ireland, as an important part of a stable diet. Tomatoes, which derived from the Americas became a prized plant in Italy for their sauces and ornamental values. Also among the plants traded were oranges, bananas, Paprika, Coffee Beans, Pineapples, Rubber Trees, Chili Peppers and Chocolate. Livestock was another major trade in the Columbian Exchange. Europe brought horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, dogs, cat, and bees to the Americas. These new animals changed the way the Native American tribes and the Colonial Civilizations lived, hunted, and traveled. The worst part of the Columbian Exchange has to be the transmission of diseases from the Old World to the New World and vice versa. The Europeans coming to the Americas brought smallpox. Smallpox was one of the worst epidemics the world has ever faced with an estimated 300 Million People killed in the 20th century alone. This virus kills of the people infected with it and has been around for thousands of years in the Old World but the native americans and local people of the New World were not accustomed to the disease and suffered greatly. An American disease that affected Europeans was Malaria. Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes and other parasitics or "dependent" organisms with need to feed off or live in another organism. This disease however, was not as devastating as smallpox due to the New World Discovery of Quinine, which was the earliest form of treatment. Yellow Fever was brought to the Americas during the Atlantic Slave Trade and many of the Native Americans and Afr ican descendants have built immunizations but the arriving Europeans coming from the Old World have never experienced this disease to this magnitude. The unintentional introductions into the Americas were almost as plentiful as the intentional introductions. Plants that arrived by land, sea, or air in the times before 1492 are called archaeophytes , and plants introduced to Europe after those times are called neophytes . In addition to the diseases mentioned above, many species of organisms were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world accidentally or incidentally. These include such animals as brown rats , earthworms (apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World), and zebra mussels , which arrived on ships. Invasive species of plants and pathogens also were introduced by chance, including such weeds as tumbleweeds ( Salsola spp.) and wild oats ( Avena fatua ). Some plants introduced intentionally, such as the kudzu vine introduced in 1894 from Japan to the United States to help control soil erosion , have since been found to be invasi ve pests in the new environment. Fungi have been transported, such as the one responsible for Dutch elm disease , killing American elms in North American forests and cities, where many had been planted as street trees. Some of the invasive species have become serious ecosystem and economic problems after establishing in the New World environments.