The History and Development of the ECCE in Ireland Essay Example for Free

The History and Development of the ECCE in Ireland Essay A, The History and development of the ECCE in Ireland The environments in which our youngest children live, grow and play have changed dramatically over the past century. For the best part of the twentieth century, young children were cared for in the family home and went to school sometime after the age of three. For much of that time, Irish society was largely agrarian based and children worked on the farm; work which had economic value to the family. Families were large, twice as large on average as those in the rest of Europe for most of the century. Children lived in households which frequently comprised members of the extended family. Emigration was a way of life and many children must have grown up in the knowledge that they would leave and not return. The Catholic Church and the State operated a symbiotic relationship in relation to many aspects of Irish life, including education, following Independence. In particular, the Church appears to have had considerable influence in terms of family life, a position consolidated by the 1937 Constitution. Changes began to occur in the 1950s when increasing industrialisation and urbanisation began to have an impact. Around this time, too, family size began to reduce. It was not until the 1970s, though, that substantial numbers of women began to enter – and stay in – the paid workforce. This was partly due to the lifting of the marriage bar in the civil service and the beginnings of movement towards parity of pay and rights for women with their male colleagues following Ireland’s entry into the European Economic Community (EEC). Out-of-home care arrangements for children then became a necessity for some families. Contemporary experience With changes in family patterns, more children are now living in smaller families, one parent families or in disparate families. Young children in contemporary Irish families are experiencing substantially different parenting trends, not least of which is that many now have the more active involvement of their fathers as well as their mothers. Traditionally, parents tended to concentrate more on the physical well-being of their children, whereas now they are increasingly concerned with their children’s holistic development, including their cognitive, emotional and social development. Widespread dissemination of research on child development in popular and accessible media formats, such as television programmes and self-help books on child development and parenting, indicate interest among the population on such issues. Such a media profile for child development also suggests an increased awareness among parents of the importance of this stage of life, and of the importance of supporting children’s optimal development. However, there is also the possibility that such media will exert pressure on parents in suggesting that parenting is a complicated and fraught occupation, with the margins for error being frighteningly wide, and the possibilities for success intimidatingly narrow. In fact, parents get it right even in difficult circumstances. Impact of socio-economic change While there is greater sensitivity to children’s needs in the holistic sense, there are depleted resources, notably time, within families and communities to meet them. Many aspects of the socio-economic context, including the organization of work and work/life balance, are not child friendly. House prices have risen enormously and consequently, the difficulty in finding affordable housing in central parts of cities such as Dublin has meant that many people, particularly young couples, have had to move out into the surrounding counties. The road and rail infrastructure is unable to meet the new demand and many people have had to succumb to lengthy hours of commuting. Stress and tiredness caused by parents’ commuting and work is likely to put pressure on children’s quality of life within their families. There is an element of irony in the fact that while children are experiencing more environments in their day-to-day lives in comparison to children even thirty years ago, we now find it necessary to plan for children’s access to, in particular, the outdoor environment. Parental and adult concern for the child’s safety and security means that the range of places in which children can play has shrunk, particularly in urban areas. Traffic volumes, development of green spaces and fear for children being out and about without adult supervision contributes to a contraction of freedom for children. Additionally, it would appear that children are spending increasing time in front of computers and televisions with consequent health risks, including diminished outdoor play, physical inactivity and obesity. Employment and childcare While unemployment was endemic during most of the 1980s, Ireland has experienced increasingly high levels of employment over the past ten years or so. Employment growth and a greater demand for labour, coupled with the need for dual income households to meet the cost of housing, impacted on female work force participation rates. Mothers’ employment participation rates in Ireland are comparatively high. Because of relatively short leave entitlements after the birth of a child, more mothers of young children are in employment in Ireland than in other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The obvious consequence of these circumstances is that more children are now being cared for outside the home than heretofore, despite continuing shortages of provision. Much of the increase in supply has occurred in the private commercial sector where costs to parents are among the highest in Europe. Substantial percentages of mothers working full-time and part-time use no paid childcare at all, indicating a reliance on informal provision provided by family or friends. There is very limited information on the nature and quality of the many and varied forms of childcare and pre-school provision for children who attend out-of-home settings. Implications for ECCE provision There are several implications emanating from this position, but just one will be considered here; that of the young child’s right to educational provision. To be meaningful, life-long learning must be conceptualised on a continuum which begins at birth. There are good reasons, based on the knowledge we now have on the efficacy of early education and the magnitude of young children’s potential for learning, for making provision for children from birth. However, a more fundamental argument relates to the young child’s right to education in the same way that older children are entitled to educational provision. This position is underpinned by the UNCRC (UN, 1989). Care and Education Provision for young children in Ireland has been fragmented and many of the fault lines can be traced to the historical understanding of care and education as being separate forms of provision. It is not difficult to see how this fracture developed historically here in Ireland. Home and School The national school system was established in 1831 and there were enough infants (3-5 year olds) in the system by 1872 to warrant a specific infant programme. Figures from the mid-1940s indicate that by then, over 48,000 children between the ages of three and five were in the system. These figures represent substantial numbers of young children in school. It is possible that this indicates that parents placed a high value on their children’s education and may explain why the national or primary school system here in Ireland has, since its inception, been regarded as concerned exclusively with ‘education’. Throughout the period referred to above, children were ‘cared for’ at home up until the point at which they began to attend school. These two contexts of ‘care’ and ‘education’ were quite different, and that difference seems to have been translated to mean mutually exclusive. While there is very little documented evidence about the care of young children at home, it appears that care was primarily the responsibility of the mother. Families were large and older siblings were involved in looking after younger children. While there were differences in urban and rural contexts, the extended family, particularly grandmothers, who often lived in the family home, were involved. Home and school were the two contexts in which children spent time so, even before the concepts were considered, it is possible to see the genesis of our traditional conceptualisation of care as what happens up to the age of three or so, and education as what happens after that. Revised Programme, 1900 One of the most remarkable stages in that history was the Revised Programme of 1900 (Commissioners of National Education in Ireland, 1901), though this is a somewhat arbitrary starting point. Even before this time, the philosophies of Rousseau, Froebel, Pestalozzi and Dewey had influenced individuals who put such theories into practice here. In fact, one might locate the provenance of the concept of child-centred practice with these theorists. The Revised Programme is strikingly familiar to the modern reader. It was influenced by Frobelian principles and incorporated heuristic approaches to teaching and learning. It advocated development from within rather than moulding from without, promoted the integration of subject areas and emphasised the environment as a context for the child’s learning. The Revised Programme advocated teaching content in an integrated manner, breaking with the tradition at that time of compartmentalising knowledge. Unfortunately, however, the necessary finances for equipment, training and implementation were never put in place. While the Revised Programme led to improvements in the dire state of infant education, the Dale Report (Dale, 1904) still found that this was one of the weakest elements of the system. Then, as now, no matter how good the curriculum, it is dependent for effectiveness on resourcing, training and investment. 1922 and 1948 curricular change A very different approach was taken in the curriculum introduced in 1922 following the foundation of the Irish Free State (National Programme Conference, 1922). This approach moved the focus off the young child onto curriculum content, specifically the Irish language, which was to be re-established as part of the socio-political transformation of Ireland following independence. The curricular changes introduced meant that the restoration of the Irish language became the primary aim of infant education. Following some years of implementation of this programme, teachers expressed deep reservations about its effect, stating that it inhibited the child intellectually, repressed the natural urge for self-expression and led to some children being mentally and physically damaged. This programme was replaced by the Revised Programme for Infants (Department of Education [DoE], 1948) in 1948, which returned to the values and direction espoused by the 1900 Revised Programme. However, due to continuing requirements regarding the teaching of Irish, it proved difficult to implement the philosophy of this programme. New Curriculum, 1971 Major curricular change occurred in 1971 with the introduction of the New Curriculum (DoE, 1971). Play was an integral part of this curriculum which was designed to cater for the full and harmonious development of each child, with an inherent flexibility to adapt to the needs of children of varying abilities and cultural backgrounds. However, the economic recession of the 1970s meant that the comprehensive network of supports for teachers which was envisaged did not materialise. Class size remained very large during the period following the introduction of the New Curriculum. Spending on education increased over the following decades, and while class size remained an issue at this time, the number of teaching posts in the system increased substantially. This relates to the introduction of schemes such as Home/School/Community Liaison (HSCL) and the expansion of Special Needs provision. Revised Curriculum, 1999 The 1999 Revised Curriculum (DES, 1999b) is designed to nurture children in all dimensions of their lives. In-service training is ongoing for teachers and structures (e.g. the Primary Curriculum Support Programme [PCSP] and the School Development Planning Service [SDPS]) have been put in place to support its roll-out into schools. A close study of these consecutive curricula illustrates the evolving understandings of concepts such as childcentred and holistic education in Ireland. Developments in provision One of the consequences of the relative economic prosperity of the 1960s was to increase interest and focus on education. From around this period, education became a new catalyst for social mobility, possibly on account of the introduction of free secondary education. Parents became increasingly anxious that their children’s future opportunities would be enhanced through education. Ireland’s increased involvement with international organisations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Office (UNESCO), the OECD and the UN, allied with the aspiration to become a member of the EEC, contributed to a lessening of the insularity which had been a feature of the previous period. There was a shift in focus from social expenditure in relation to education and children to one of investment in the individual, the economy and society.

To View or Not To View :: Media News Television Essays

To View or Not To View Staying in touch with the outside world, via the 10:00 evening news, has become increasingly difficult for me the last couple years. Not only am I usually not awake at 10:00, but if I am, I do not want to spend my time hearing about the many murders, rapes, and robberies that plaque our city. Television news has not only taken on a tabloid-like feel, but the substance of most of the news stories is a total waste of my viewing time. However, in an effort to stay connected, I currently listen to the morning TV news as well as read the Chicago Tribune on a daily basis. The local news broadcast I taped to critique for this paper was the 5:00 News on Channel 5 which was shown on Monday, April 7, co-anchored by Joan Esposito, a 30ish white female, and Warren Saunders, a late 50's black male. I viewed a total of 13 stories which were comprised mainly of murder, weather and informational topics. The "Top Story" was about a 7 year old girl who was murdered by a gang member while she was waiting in line to get ice cream. The story's time went for approximately 4 minutes and included 3 interviews of people, 3 different on-screen captions and a camera span of teddy bears on a fence. The actual meaty parts of this story, that is, the facts, were fully given in this broadcast. However, interviews with crying persons of the gang members' families, and the little girl's school superintendent musing out loud on what this little girl could have become, was a total waste of time. Conversely, scanning the teddy bears was touching, but lent nothing to the telling of the tragic event that took this girl's life. I suppose the "powers that be" at the news station do not feel the public can feel on their own, thus we are constantly being given visual reminders of how sad a story is. I can safely say that the Top Story of the majority of broadcasts that I view are murders. Based on that premise, the senseless murder of this child was an important story in Chicago that day. I do take exception, however, to the many visuals used to evoke emotion as the sadness of the story spoke for itself. Apart from this story, the only remaining "news stories" consisted of a murder of a cab driver and two stories of missing persons.

Comparison of Common Law and Civil Law Essay

COMMON LAW (characteristics)for comparing or contrast purpose Common law systems are mostly found in former british colony and protectorate including US, it is less prescriptive than civil law system,citizens are benefited by enactment and legislation in specific fields.more often are the implied terms usage. 1)represents the law of courts as expressed in judicial decision 2)based on precedents provided by past judicial decisions,no written statues or prescribed texts 3)trial by the jury and the doctrine of the supremacy of the law(originally meant king above law,now means acts of governmentall agencies are subject to scruting in ordinary legal proceedings) 4)everything is permitted which is not prohibited by law 5)binding ,overruling through same court or legislation Judicial precedents derive their force from the doctrine of stare decisions[lat=stand by the decided matter]i.e that the previous decisions of the highest court in the jurisdiction are binding on all other courts in the jurisdiction changing conditions,however soon make most decisions inapplicable except as a basis for analogy, and a court must therefore often look to the judicial experience of the rest of the English speaking world.This gives the system flexibility while general acceptance of cetain authoritative materials provides a degree of stability.Neverthless,in many instances, courts have failed to keep pace with social developments and it has become necessary to enact statues to bring about needed changes.In recent years ,statutes have superseded much of common law,notablyin the fields of commercial administrative and criminal law,typically however in statutory interpretation the courts have recourse to the doctrines of common law. Thus increased legislation is limited but has not ended judicial supremacy. A common law system is generally less prescriptive than a civil law system. A government may therefore wish to enshrine protections of its citizens in specific legislation related to the infrastructure program being contemplated. For example, it may wish to prohibit the service provider from cutting off the water or electricity supply of bad payers. Please go to Legislation and Regulationsections for more information on this. There are few provisions implied into a contract under the common law system – it is therefore important to set out ALL the terms governing the relationship between the parties to a contract in the contract itself. This will often result in a contract being longer than one in a civil law country. CIVIL LAW(CHARACTERISITICS) 1)based on statues and prescribed texts. 2)available in written form, specific codes covering mostly 3)corporate,tax,constitution with basic rights and duties 4)only legislative enactments are binding 5)precedents are to be followed Countries following a civil law system are typically those that were former French, Dutch, German, Spanish or Portuguese colonies or protectorates, including much of Central and South America. Also, most of the Central and Eastern European and East Asian countries follow a civil law structure. The civil law system is a codified system of law. It takes its origins from Roman law. Features of a civil law system include: * There is generally a written constitution based on specific codes (e.g., civil code, codes covering corporate law, administrative law, tax law and constitutional law) enshrining basic rights and duties; administrative law is however usually less codified and administrative court judges tend to behave more like common law judges; * Only legislative enactments are considered binding for all. There is little scope for judge-made law in civil, criminal and commercial courts, although in practice judges tend to follow previous judicial decisions; consitutional and administrative courts can nullify laws and regulations and their decisions in such cases are binding for all. * In some civil law systems, e.g., Germany, writings of legal scholars have significant influence on the courts; * Courts specific to the underlying codes – there are therefore usually separate constitutional court, administrative court and civil court systems that opine on consistency of legislation and administrative acts with and interpret that specific code; * Less freedom of contract – many provisions are implied into the contract by law and parties cannot contract out of certain provisions. A civil law system is generally more prescriptive than a common law system. However, a government will still need to consider whether specific legislation is required to either limit the scope of a certain restriction to allow a successful infrastructure project, or may require specific legislation for a sector. Please go to Legislation and Regulation and â€Å"Organizing Government to think PPP† sections for more information on this. There are a number of provisions implied into a contract under the civil law system – less importance is generally placed on setting out ALL the terms governing the relationship between the parties to a contract in the contract itself as inadequacies or ambiguities can be remedied or resolved by operation of law. This will often result in a contract being shorter than one in a common law country. It is also important to note in the area of infrastructure that certain forms of infrastructure projects are referred to by well-defined legal concepts in civil law jurisdictions. Concessions and Affermage have a definite technical meaning and structure to them that may not be understood or applied in a common law country. Care should be taken, therefore, in applying these terms loosely. This is further considered under Agreements.

Macbeths Cruelity in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay - 595 Words

Macbeths Cruelity in Shakespeares Macbeth William Shakespeares play Macbeth written in 1605-1606, is a brilliant and dramatic piece of art about how the Scots and Macbeth butchered the whole Danish army. People set high goals or purposes with significant meaning in Shakespeares time. People back then set their goals by working very hard to get better or getting done what they set out to achieve. People did anything and everything to get a better job or get wealthier back then. Many people told lies to their employer to advance in their jobs. Also, others purposely did things to their fellow workers to get them in trouble so they could get higher on the latter at work. The characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in the play did†¦show more content†¦When King Duncan arrives, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth start planning a plot to kill him. Macbeth begins to get cold feet about the plot to kill Duncan soon after. Lady Macbeth takes on the role here as being the head of the family by forcing and convincing her husband to go on with the plan. Once again, Macbeth is bothered by self-doubt from his fear of retribution in heaven and on earth by getting his reputation shattered. Lady Macbeth pours scorn upon Macbeth by his lack of courage. She says he is a coward and that her own lack of pity will make her kill her own baby as it suckled at her breast, if necessary. This statement and her powerful words convince Macbeth to carry out their plan to kill Duncan. Finally, Macbeth gets up the courage and bravery to kill Duncan as he and Lady Macbeth intend to do. After Macbeth kills King Duncan, he starts to fear that someone might have seen or heard him. Lady Macbeth, once again, comforts and helps him get through his fears and frustration by her powerful words and actions. After Macbeth kills King Duncan, he brings back the daggers that he meant to plant on the guards. Macbeth is scared about having killed Duncan and cannot go back to plant the daggers because he is ashamed of what he did. Once ag ain, Lady Macbeth calms him down and goes back to plant the daggers herself. Also, Macbeth believes that he has murdered sleep and that he will never again be able to sleep easily and be at rest in his

Using the Spanish Preposition De

De is one of the most common prepositions in Spanish. Although it usually is translated as of and sometimes as from, its use is far more versatile than the translation might suggest. In fact, in certain contexts, de can be translated not only as of or from, but as with, by, or in, among other words, or not translated at all. One reason de is used more often than its equivalents in English is because the rules of English grammar let us use all sorts of nouns and phrases as adjectives. In that way, Spanish isnt as flexible. While in English we may say, a nine-year-old girl, in Spanish that becomes una muchacha de nueve aà ±os or, literally, a girl of nine years. Similarly, in English, we may say something like a silver ring, using what is normally a noun, silver, as an adjective. But in Spanish we have to say un anillo de plata, or a ring of silver. Keep in mind also that when de is followed by the article el, meaning the, they form the contraction del. Thus los à ¡rboles del bosque is the equivalent of saying los à ¡rboles de el bosque (the trees of the forest). But no contraction is used for de à ©l, where à ©l means him. Following are some of the most common uses of de: Using De for Possession Possession or belonging, either physical or figurative, as indicated by an apostrophe plus s in English is almost always translated using de followed by the possessor in Spanish. So instead of saying the direct equivalent of Amandas cat, which isnt available in Spanish, we say the direct equivalent of the cat of Amanda or el gato de Amanda: el carro de Matilda (Matildas car)la clase del Sr. Gà ³mez (Mr. Gomezs class)las esperanzas del pueblo (the peoples hopes) ¿De quià ©n es este là ¡piz? (Whose pencil is this?) Using De for Causation Following an adjective, de can be used to indicate a cause. Used this way, de is often translated using with, of or by. Estoy feliz de nuestra amistad. (I am happy with our friendship. The word following de indicates the reason for happiness.)Està ¡ cansada de jugar. (She is tired of playing.) ¿Por quà © mi generacià ³n està ¡ tan aburrida de la vida? (Why is my generation so bored by life?) Using De To Indicate Origin Often translated as from, de can be used to indicate the origin of a person or thing. The same construction is used to state that a person is a member of a group. Soy de Arkansas. (Im from Arkansas.)Mi madre es de la India. (My mother is from India.)Es la chica mà ¡s inteligente de la clase. (She is the most intelligent girl in the class.) Using De With Characteristics When an object or person has characteristics (including contents or what something is made of) that are stated as a noun or infinitive, de is often used to show the relationship. It generally is not possible in Spanish, as it is in English, to use nouns as adjectives, also known as attributive nouns. corazà ³n de oro (heart of gold)el tranvà ­a de Boston (the Boston streetcar)una casa de huà ©spedes (a guesthouse)una cancià ³n de tres minutos (a three-minute song)una casa de $100,000 (a $100,000 house)una taza de leche (a cup of milk)la mesa de escribir (the writing table)una casa de ladrillo (a brick house)jugo de manzana (apple juice)una mà ¡quina de escribir (a typewriter, literally a writing machine) Using De in Comparisons In some comparisons, de is used where we would use than in English. Tengo menos de cien libros. (I have fewer than 100 books.)Gasta mà ¡s dinero de lo que gana. (He spends more money than he earns.)La vida te recompensa con mucha mà ¡s felicidad de la que crees. (Life can reward you with much more happiness than you believe.) Idioms Using De De is used in many common idiomatic phrases, many of which function as adverbs. de antemano (previously)de cuando en cuando (from time to time)de memoria (by memory)de moda (in style)de nuevo (again)de pronto (immediately)de prisa (hurriedly)de repente, (suddenly)de todas formas (in any case)de veras (truly)de vez en cuando (from time to time) Verbal Expressions Requiring De Many verbs are followed by de and often an infinitive to form expressions. There is no logic to which verbs are followed by de. The verbs need either to be memorized or learned as you come across them. Acabo de salir. (I have just left)Nunca cesa de comer. (He never stops eating.)Tratarà © de estudiar. (I will try to study.)Me alegro de ganar. (I am happy to win.)Se olvidà ³ de estudiar. (He forgot to study.)Romeo se enamorà ³ de Julieta. (Romeo fell in love with Juliet.) Key Takeaways De is one of the most common Spanish prepositions. Although it usually is translated as of or from, it can stand for other prepositions as well.One of the most frequent uses of de is to indicate possession, which English uses indicates by using an apostrophe followed by s.De is also often used to translate English attributive nouns, as nouns in Spanish are very seldom used that way.

The Powerful Settings of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown...

The Powerful Settings of Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown Setting can be a powerful literary device, and Nathaniel Hawthorne wields it to great effect. There are four major settings in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† and they all take place in Salem. This essay is an examination of those settings and their effects. The tale opens in a doorway as the reader is presented with two lovers saying goodbye. The two lovers are Goodman Brown, who is eager to leave for his adventure; and his wife Faith Brown, who is desperately trying to dissuade him from leaving the house tonight. In this setting, the main elements induce feelings that are positive, bright, and hopeful – a sunset, a familiar street and home, and the pink ribbons in†¦show more content†¦The fellow-traveller’s staff â€Å"bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a living serpent.† Bringing a large black snake into the physical setting is indeed one way to dramatically ratchet-up the tension and the foreboding of ill. In this passage the narrator identifies the traveller with the snake: Sayest thou so? replied he of the serpent, smiling apart.† In turn, the traveller identifies the forbears of Goodman with part of the physical setting, namely the path through the woods: Well said, Goodman Brown! I have been as well acquainted with your family as with ever a one among the Puritans; and thats no trifle to say. I helped your grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker woman so smartly through the streets of Salem. And it was I that broughtShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Hawthorne s The Man s Fall 1438 Words   |  6 PagesCalvinistic, and ancient beliefs that form the basis of Hawthorne’s work (Hawthorne 392). Besides, the researcher notes that Hawthorne’s life is authentic although fictional. There is a psychological aspect of the story in that the man’s fall is unavoidable. The narration contains metaphoric and literal journey of the newlywed male character. However, he is making the treacherous journey with the devil himself therefore creating a spiritual crisis. Goodman Brown’s decision is ambiguous to his audience becauseRead MoreBrowns Fall Essay1998 Words   |  8 PagesThe setting of a work can be the most p owerful literary devices an author uses in their work. Setting refers to a location or time in which a work is set. Setting has a wide range of possibilities. The setting of a work may be as simple as a single room or may be as complex as the author or characters psychological state of mind. Authors can use setting to enhance the theme of their works. One author in particular is Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† in 1835. HisRead MoreApproaching Nathaniel Hawthorne Insight538 Words   |  2 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne wrote one of the most studied short story in literature, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. This short story is widely use because of the deep meaning and strong internal attachment it has with the reader. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts his family had been early settlers, one of his great-grandfather was a judge during the Salem witch trials and had twenty-five women killed. 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Some plots require more exposition than others. A historical novel set in a foreign country several centuries ago obviously needs to provide the reader with more background information than a novel with a contemporary setting. COMPLICATION: The complication which is sometimes referred to as the rising action, breaks the existing equilibrium and introduces the characters and underlying or inciting conflict (if they have not already been introduced by the exposition).

Social Policy for Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics

Question: Explore Contemporary Social Policy Debate. Answer: Contemporary Social Policy Debate The childcare centers came to Australia during the Second World War, when the mothers went to the war, and their children are being taken care of, by these centers. It was there to provide support to the children of the poor and the destitute family (Logan, Sumsion Press, 2013). During the 1950s, the childcare centers were there in Australia for those families in Australia, who could not access either the community program or the government programs. The childcare centers, although, was not that popular during that time because, during that time the childcare centers actually was not in demand, since most of the mothers are not working (Katz, 2014). The Childcare Act of 1972, which came during the reign of McMahon government, allows the federal government in Australia to get involved in the childcare sector (Logan, Press Sumsion, 2016). The particular act provided provisions to the federal government so that funds can be provided to the non-profit organization, so that they could h elp in providing childcare services to the people. During the years of Hawke and Keating the childcare policy, went through a positive change. During these years or rather during the years of the reign of the Hawke government, the childcare policies or the act received much support. During these years, subsidies are introduced for those families who are using the childcare services. The subsidies allowed the families to pay the fees of the childcare services, whether they are seeking the help of the profitable service centre or from the non-profit service centre. The state level organizations and the government used to regulate the minimum standard of the childcare centre and when the Keating government came to power, they introduced the quality accreditation approved by the federal governments. The accreditation actually helped in supervising those minimum standards that are being used by the state level government for the regulation of the childcare centers (Logan, Press Sumsion, 2016). In the present day, there is the National Quality Framework and this particular framework helped in the regulation of the system (Sugiyama,, Okely, Masters Moore 2012). The childcare policy is a debate that has the children at the center and this particular policy, helps in focusing on the funding and the provision issues of the childcare center (Newberry Brennan, 2013). Today the employment of the women have increased, thus the demand for the childcare centers have also increased and this has bring into the front the quality issue, where, the health, education and the nutrition of the children had to be taken better care (Wolfenden, Jones, Finch, Wyse, Yoong, Steele Williams, 2015). Therefore, the regulations are tightened, with respect to the staff qualification and with respect to the staff-to-child ratio as well. The fact that the staff qualification is being given utmost importance is something that is often being criticized by the human services professionals. According to these professionals, the women who most of the time in the family day care centers, especially those women who used to work during the 90s, most of the time have the overseas certificate. After the recession the women had lost their jobs but the experience they had in handling the children is not be taken into granted and only on the basis of their degree, they are not being provided with the jobs. Thus, this is something that is being seen a wrongdoing of the bureaucrats, and thus most of the people, who are the human service professionals criticize this thing. Impact of Social Policy in One Client Group The most important client group of the childcare center is the parents and the policies regarding the childcare centers and its development has a great impact on this particular client group. The government policies until the Keating government were such that the parents did not have to think much about the funds and the fees of the childcare centers (Andrews, Neopanay, Yaddehige Jorgensen, 2014). The scenario changed after the recession and the new policies that are being introduced by the government are such that it has actually provided an extra burden on the parents because the costs of the childcare centers have increased. The parents find it difficult to raise their children and at the same time carry on with the work they are doing (Allen Cowdery, 2014). They could not actually balance both the things, which created a huge problem for them. The financial assistance that is being provided by the federal government of Australia is divided mainly into two parts and these are th e, Child Care Benefits and the Child Care Rebate. The Child Care Benefits is being referred to those subsidies that are being directly provided, either to the parents or to the childcare centers. It accounts for per hour subsidy that is being provided to the parents and the childcare centers and this particular cost is the tested cost, and this particular thing is very beneficial to those who are belonging to those families that are the part of the low-income group. On the other hand, there is another kind of financial assistance, which is being provided to the parents of the childcare centers, by the federal group. The subsidy that is being provided to the families increases when there is an increase in the Cost Price Index or the CPI. The particular financial assistance is provided with the help of the Child Care Rebate or the CCR. The CCR, unlike Child Care Benefit or CCB is not tested and therefore, the 50% rebate is being provided to the childcare centers out-of-the packet (Brennan, Cass, Himmelweit Szebehely, 2012). The parti cular payment has inflation when there is inflation on the actual price of the cost of the childcare. Therefore, it can be said that the particular cost will be a part of the growing share of the federal budget, along with the increase in the strong demand and at the same time with the increase in the steep childcare price. Therefore, in the recent years the Australian women had not only face increase in the price of the growing childcare facilities, provided by the centers but at the same time there has been a loss of the benefits that are being provided by the federal government of Australia. Thus, it creates a pressure for the women earner or the single mothers and they have to increase their working hours because along with all these women had to pay the tax as well. Thus, all these have created pressure on this particular group of client, and this policy has he following impact on the particular group of client. Involvement of the Human Service Professionals The childcare professionals are the most important human service professionals who are involved in the childcare industry and the childcare policies had an effect on them as well. The childcare professional plays an important role, in the childcare centers and thus can be one of the major drivers who could influence the policies that are being introduced by the federal government (Pietrantonio, Wright, Gibson, Alldred, Jacobson Niec 2013). The childcare policies that are there are the ever-changing policies and the childcare professionals should make sure that there are able to cope up with the changes that are brought in the centers. The changes can be positively accepted by the childcare professionals and at the same time, the childcare professionals should be able to cope up with those changes as well. The childcare professionals could react in a positive way to the changes that are there in the organizations, although there are times when the childcare professionals could act in a negative way and could affect or influence the childcare policies that are there. The childcare professional could act in a negative way about the policies of the state, because of several reasons and among them; one can be that the childcare professionals, become too cautious (Coyne, 2015). There can be policies regarding caring about the behavioral development of the child and the childcare professional can react to this in a negative w ay because, they may feel uncertain about the challenging behavior of the children in the day care or in the childcare center. In these cases there are chances of the childcare professionals becomes less confident about their role and they could also lose their confident, when they are interacting with the children in the childcare center (Essa, 2013). In many day cares or in the childcare center there are male professionals who are being hired to look after the children. The parents sometimes accept the particular things and there are times when the parents do not accept such kind of things. The childcare center on the other hand feels that the people should feel that the males are equally responsible to everyone and those who are good they could actually carry out all the work, even they could care for the child at the same time. The male and female workers or the professionals working in the childcare center could actually, help in building the trust that is there in the children regarding their families. Thus, this particular thing or rather the inclusion of the male professionals in the childcare centers could actually affect the policies related to the childcare centers. Moreover, if the women with experience turn out to be a good childcare professional then that could also have an effect on the policies that are being laid d own by the state. The state policies could then could come up with those things that could allow the women with experience but not that much of qualification to be a part of the childcare center. It would helpful specially for the outstation women or for those women who do not have the qualification degree of the country, rather they carry the degree of the other country and thus most of the times are not allowed to be a part of the childcare center. Utilization of the Policy Positively in Service Provision The human service professionals, who work for these centers, could utilize the policies that are for the development and the growth of the childcare centers that are there in a positive way. The positive utilization of the policy could result in: Children who belong to the financially backward family, getting better opportunities and thus they could easily go through the transition of the early childhood to the late childhood period (Fenech, 2013). Most of the time the children who belong to the financially backward family, do not have such an environment that will help them to get ready for the better transition and succeed effectively in the late childhood period. Thus, the policies effectively influence the growth and the development of the children and at the same time could help them to live a better life at the same time (Brennan Fenech, 2014). Thus, it is important that the policies related to the childcare centers are there, this is one of the positive effects of the policy, and the effect work of the childcare professionals could actually help in the positive utilization of this particular policy. Helping the students with disability to go through the transition period and the childcare center and the professional working there could help in that. The children with disability, is more demanding than the children those are not having any disabilities, The children with disabilities, are more stressful to handle than the children without, especially in an environment of transition (Crawford, Stafford, Phillips, Scott Tucker, 2014). Thus, the childcare professional could take care of this demand and stress effectively and the policies and the find structure of the state are such that children of different social background could be a part of it. Thus, in this way, there can be a positive utilization of the policies, laid by the state and the childcare professionals could help in achieving it without any problem or trouble. Development of those children, who belongs to various religious, ethnic and linguistic background, and the childcare professionals play an important part in it (Henderson, Grode, OConnell Schwartz, 2015). The childcare center consists of children of various backgrounds and the religious values along with the Western philosophy, which are being implied in these centers helps the children to remove all the caste and the racial barrier. The children later on in life could fight incidents like being bullied because of the skin color or because of their race (Lamb, Sternberg, Hwang Broberg, 2014). Most of the time the people of other linguistics are not proficient with the English language, the childcare centers help the students to overcome this shortcomings and childcare professionals are important driver in bringing this particular positive outcomes (Nielsen, Mushin, Tomaselli Whiten, 2016). Therefore, these are the following ways, which could help in positive utilization of the policies and the childcare professionals could help in achieving that without any problem. Critical Reflection I think that the childcare centers that are there in Australia are helpful for the working parents and the working parents as well as the single parents receive many benefits from these centers. The subsidy that is being provided by the government, and which is the part of the social policy related to the childcare centers, because these funding is there for the childcare centers, therefore, the centers have not only increased in numbers but it has been diversified at the same time. Today there is not only the childcare center but there is also the long day care center and at the same time, there is the Community based and the family day care centers. All the centers have really being helpful for the growth of these centers and along with the growth of these centers things have changed for the people living in the country. Unlike the nineteenth and the twentieth century, the demand for the childcare center is there in the country because the number of working women and the number of single mother has increased in the country. Thus, the demand has increased and with the increase in demand, there is both the profit, non-profit childcare centers. Along with these two kinds of center there is also the community based childcare center, all these centers helps in the growth and the development of the children and at the same time it has provided jobs to the unemployed youth at the same time (Tayler, Ishimine, Cloney, Cleveland Thorpe, 2013). The policies although, that are there gives less importance to the caring attitude of the people but more importance to the qualification or the degrees that are being hold by the people. I believe this particular thing is a hindrance for the policy, but at the same time, it is true that to interact with the children having challenging behavior at times the qualificatio n of the childcare professionals are required. Thus at times, the issue that whether an experienced or a qualified person would be employed as the childcare staff becomes a debatable issue. The debate could be easily resolved by recruiting such a person who is capable, of handling almost all kind of children in the childcare center. The recruitment of the male staff in the childcare center in my opinion is something to, which the policy makers should give a thought. The male childcare professionals actually could help in the overall growth of the child. 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